Science and Technology

Hard-to-abate industries such as cement, steel, chemicals, refining, and heavy transport account for a large share of global industrial emissions. These sectors rely on high-temperature heat, chemical reactions, or fossil-based feedstocks that are difficult to replace with electrification alone. As net-zero targets tighten, carbon capture has emerged as a central tool to manage emissions that cannot be eliminated through efficiency or fuel switching.Recent years have seen a shift from pilot-scale experimentation toward commercially oriented deployment. The trends below highlight how carbon capture is evolving to meet industrial, economic, and regulatory realities.From Single-Plant Projects to Industrial HubsOne of the strongest trends…

Perovskite solar cells are a class of photovoltaic devices that employ a perovskite-structured compound as their light-harvesting layer. Throughout the past ten years, these systems have evolved from experimental laboratory novelties into major players within the worldwide solar industry. Their attractiveness stems from a blend of high power conversion efficiency, low manufacturing cost, and design flexibility. Laboratory efficiencies have surged swiftly, moving from under 4 percent during the early 2010s to exceeding 26 percent for single-junction cells, and climbing past 33 percent in tandem setups paired with silicon.This pace of improvement is unprecedented in solar technology and has triggered intense…

Hard-to-abate industries such as cement, steel, chemicals, refining, and heavy transport account for a large share of global industrial emissions. These sectors rely on high-temperature heat, chemical reactions, or fossil-based feedstocks that are difficult to replace with electrification alone. As net-zero targets tighten, carbon capture has emerged as a central tool to manage emissions that cannot be eliminated through efficiency or fuel switching.Recent years have seen a shift from pilot-scale experimentation toward commercially oriented deployment. The trends below highlight how carbon capture is evolving to meet industrial, economic, and regulatory realities.From Single-Plant Projects to Industrial HubsOne of the strongest trends…

Electrolyzers split water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. Their economics determine whether clean hydrogen can compete with fossil-based alternatives across industry, transport, and power storage. Historically, high capital cost and modest efficiency limited deployment. Over the past decade, *materials science* has become the main lever for change, reshaping catalysts, membranes, electrodes, and structural components. The result is a steady drop in system cost per kilowatt and a rise in efficiency and lifetime.The main cost drivers in electrolyzersElectrolyzer cost is not dominated by a single part. Improvements therefore come from multiple material upgrades rather than one breakthrough.Catalysts: precious metals or…